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|image = Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 1982 (cropped).jpg |caption = |office = 6th President of Pakistan |primeminister = Muhammad Khan Junejo |term_start = 16 September 1978 |term_end = 17 August 1988 |predecessor = Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry |successor = Ghulam Ishaq Khan |birth_date = |birth_place = Jalandhar, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, India) |death_date = |death_place = Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan |spouse = Begum Shafiq Zia (1950–1988 his death)〔http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\16\story_16-3-2008_pg3_3〕 | children = Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq Anwar-ul-Haq Zain Zia Rubina Saleem Quratulain Zia |alma_mater = St. Stephen's College, Delhi United States Army Command and General Staff College |nationality = Indian, (1924–1947) Pakistani (1947–1988) |ethnicity = Punjabi |nickname = ''Mard-i-Momin'' |allegiance = |branch = |serviceyears = 1943–1988 |rank = 32px General |unit = Guides Cavalry, Army Armoured Corps (PA – 1810) |commands = 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade 1st Armoured Division II Strike Corps Chief of Army Staff |battles = World War II Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Black September in Jordan Soviet war in Afghanistan }} Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (; 12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988), was a Pakistani general who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988, after declaring martial law in 1977. He was Pakistan's longest-serving head of state. Educated at Delhi University, Zia saw action in World War II as a British Indian Army officer, before opting for Pakistan in 1947 and fighting in the war against India in 1965. In 1970, he led the Pakistani training mission in Jordan, proving instrumental to putting down the Black September insurgency against King Hussein.〔 In recognition, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto appointed Zia Chief of Army Staff in 1976.〔 Following civil disorder, Zia deposed Bhutto in a military coup and declared martial law on 5 July 1977.〔Rafiq Dossani (2005). Prospects for Peace in South Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 46–50. ISBN 978-0-8047-5085-1.〕 Bhutto was controversially tried and executed by the Supreme Court less than two years later, for authorising the murder of a political opponent.〔 Assuming the presidency in 1978, Zia played a major role in the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Aided by the United States and Saudi Arabia, Zia systematically coordinated the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet occupation throughout the 1980s. This culminated in the Soviet Union's withdrawal in 1989, but also led to the proliferation of millions of refugees, with heroin and weaponry into Pakistan's frontier province. On the foreign front, Zia also bolstered ties with China, the European Union, the United States, and emphasised Pakistan's role in the Islamic world, while relations with India worsened amid the Siachen conflict and accusations that Pakistan was aiding the Khalistan movement. Domestically, Zia passed broad-ranging legislation as part of Pakistan's Islamization, acts criticised for fomenting religious intolerance. He also escalated Pakistan's atomic bomb project, and instituted industrialisation and deregulation, helping Pakistan's economy become among the fastest-growing in South Asia. Averaged over Zia's rule, GDP growth was the highest in history.〔http://tribune.com.pk/story/381450/setting-the-record-straight-not-all-dictators-equal-nor-all-democrats-incompetent/〕 After lifting martial law and holding non-partisan elections in 1985, Zia appointed Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister but accumulated more presidential powers via the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. After Junejo signed the Geneva Accords in 1988 against Zia's wishes, and called for an inquiry into the Ojhri Camp disaster, Zia dismissed Junejo's government and announced fresh elections in November 1988. But he was killed along with several of his top military officials and two American diplomats in a mysterious plane crash near Bahawalpur on 17 August 1988. To this day, Zia remains a polarising figure in Pakistan's history, credited for preventing wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity, but decried for weakening democratic institutions and passing laws encouraging religious intolerance. == Early life == Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was born in a Punjabi Arain〔http://arainsocietyislamabad.com/ArainHistory/ArainFamousPersons.aspx〕〔https://books.google.com/books/about/Articles_on_Arain_Including_Muhammad_Zia.html?id=4D1NywAACAAJ&redir_esc=y〕 family in Jalandhar, Punjab State of the British India, on 12 August 1924 as the second child of Muhammad Akbar, who worked as a staff clerk in the Army GHQ of India Command of British Armed Forces in Delhi and Simla, prior to the independence of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947. He completed his initial education in Simla and then attended St. Stephen's College of the University of Delhi for his BA degree in History, which he graduated with highest marks in the college in 1943.〔 Prior to his graduation, Zia joined the British Indian Army in 1943.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDNDeHkb8AC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=Muhammad+Zia-ul-Haq+british+indian+army&source=bl&ots=oQHFqkJM1G&sig=bvU4CGXXFMDqTwl6WdmPdGIWgiw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZtV9UKaKC4br0gHRt4CAAQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Muhammad%20Zia-ul-Haq%20british%20indian%20army&f=false〕 During his collegiate years, he was noted as an extraordinary talent.〔 He married Shafiq Jahan in 1950. Begum Shafiq Zia died on 6 January 1996.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gone but not forgotten )〕 Zia is survived by his sons, Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq )〕 (born 1953), who went into politics and became a cabinet minister in the government of Nawaz Sharif, and Anwar-ul-Haq (born 1950)〔(Over 80 killed in Lahore attacks F.P. Lahore Office )〕〔Book: President of Pakistan, General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq: January–December 1985〕 and his daughters, Zain〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Umeed-e-Noor's efforts for special children lauded )〕 (born 1972),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=In Mumbai, she sends out a prayer for peace )〕 a special needs child, Rubina Saleem, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has been living in the United States since 1980, and Quratulain Zia who currently lives in London, and is married to Pakistani doctor, Adnan Majid.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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